Fig. 8. Comparison of near-field flow between a fruit fly and a hawkmoth at mid downstroke. A wing-body computational model of the hawkmoth (Re=6300, U_ref=5.05 m s^–1, cm=1.83 cm) (Ai) and the fruit fly (Re=134, U_ref=2.54 m s^–1, cm=0.78 mm) (Bi), with the LEVs visualized by streamlines; (Aii, Bii) the corresponding velocity vectors at the cross sections at 60% of the wing length. A color map denotes the spanwise flow velocity; a negative magnitude of the spanwise velocity points to a flow from the wing base to the wing tip, and vice versa. L.E., leading edge; T.E., trailing edge.