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A sport-physiological perspective on bird migration: evidence for flight-induced muscle damage

Christopher G. Guglielmo^1,*, Theunis Piersma² and Tony D. Williams¹

¹ Centre for Wildlife Ecology and Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada,
² Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands and Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750, AA Haren, The Netherlands

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig.1. The relationship between bleed-time (time after capture) and log10-transformed plasma creatine kinase activity in western sandpipers.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig.2. Least-squares means (controlling for bleed-time and body mass) of log10-transformed plasma creatine kinase activity in western sandpipers collected at various stages of their annual cycle. Non-migrants are shown as hatched bars and migrants are shown in black. PM, pre-migration; SP96, spring 1996; FA, fall adult 1996; FJ, fall juvenile 1996; SID, Sidney Island juvenile 1996; W97, winter 1997; SP97, spring 1997.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig.3. The relationship between Julian date and log10-transformed plasma creatine kinase activity of bar-tailed godwits captured during a migratory stopover in the Wadden Sea. Closed circles, solid line, ‘early arrivals’; open circles, dotted line, ‘late arrivals’. Statistical analyses were performed on these data controlling for bleed-time, but the visual presentation of residuals would be nearly identical.