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EFFECTS OF HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE TRAINING ON CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION, OXYGEN UPTAKE, INTERNAL OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND OSMOTIC BALANCE IN CHINOOK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA) DURING CRITICAL SPEED SWIMMING

P. E. GALLAUGHER^1,2, H. THORARENSEN³, A. KIESSLING^4,* and A. P. FARRELL^2,

¹ Continuing Studies in Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
² Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
³ Holar Agricultural College, 551 Sudarkrokur, Iceland
⁴ Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6 Canada
^* Present address: Matre Research Station IMR, 5198 Matredal, Norway
Author for correspondence (e-mail: farrell{at}sfu.ca )

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Changes in o2 as a function of swimming velocity in exercise-trained (N=9) and (N=7) control groups of uncannulated fish. *Significant (P<0.05) difference from control fish; significant difference from exercise-trained cannulated fish.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Cardiac output (), (B) arterial O2 delivery (o2), (C) Oxygen uptake (o2), (D) heart rate, (E) cardiac stroke volume (VSH), (F) systemic vascular resistance (Rsys) and (G) dorsal aortic blood pressure (PDA) in chinook salmon at progressively higher swimming velocities and after 1 h recovery (Rec.) following the swim to Ucrit. *Significant (P<0.05) difference from resting levels; significant (P<0.05) difference between exercise-trained (N=6) and control fish (N=6).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (A) Changes in plasma osmolality in control (black bars) and exercise-trained (grey bars) chinook salmon at 1 BL s-1, at 80% Ucrit, at Ucrit, and after a 1 h recovery following Ucrit. *Significant (P<0.01) difference compared with the rest value; significant (P<0.01) difference between control and exercise-trained fish. (B) Changes in plasma osmolality in control (black bars; 0.5 BL s-1) and exercise-trained (grey bars; 1.5 BL s-1) groups of chinook salmon at Ucrit, and after a 1 h recovery following Ucrit compared with rest. These fish were exercise-trained at a low intensity in a previous study (Thorarensen et al., 1993) and these new data are included to illustrate that both high intensity and low intensity training regimens can influence the ability of chinook salmon to osmoregulate during activity. ***Significant (P<0.001) difference compared with the rest values; significant (P<0.001) difference between control (N=6-10) and exercise-trained fish (N=6-9).

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Muscle dry mass of control and exercise-trained chinook salmon. Fish were sampled either directly from the training tanks (Control and Trained), or 1 h after swimming to Ucrit in a swim tunnel (Ucrit). Muscle dry mass for the Ucrit value represents the combined value for samples from control and exercise-trained chinook salmon, since individually they were not significantly (P>0.05) different from each other. *Significant (P<0.05) difference from control; significant (P<0.05) difference after a swim at Ucrit (N=8).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Maximum oxygen uptake (o2max) as a function of maximum arterial oxygen transport (o2max) measured in vivo with swimming fish. Values were obtained from the following sources: chinook salmon from control (C) and exercise-trained (TR) groups, this study; dogfish (D), Piiper et al., 1977; leopard shark (L), Lai et al., 1990; rainbow trout (R1), Kiceniuk and Jones, 1977, and (R2), Thorarensen et al., 1996; and values for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (Co), are based on those from Axelsson, 1988, for max; Soofiani and Priede, 1985, for o2max and Gallaugher, 1994, for CaO2. The equation describing the linear regression is o2max=0.84 o2max -4.03 (r2=0.99).