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Limits to human locomotor performance: phylogenetic origins and comparative perspectives

Robert Dudley^1,2,*

¹ Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1064, USA and
² Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Phylogeny of extant hominoid taxa, the mean of lower and upper elevational ranges for each taxon and the most parsimonious elevational reconstruction for ancestral lineages (data from various sources)(Rowe, 1996; Dudley, 2000a). The mean elevation for gibbons is derived from lower and upper distributional data for 11 species (Rowe, 1996). Homo spp. refers to pre-modern hominine taxa, for which elevational distributions were comparable with those of australopithecines (Hochachka et al., 1998). Mya, million years ago.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Phylogeny of major hummingbird (Trochilidae) lineages in relation to mean interspecific values for lower and upper elevational distribution. The relationships of subfamilies and other groupings within the hummingbirds derive from analyses of Zusi and Bentz (Zusi and Bentz, 1995), Bleiweiss et al. (Bleiweiss et al., 1997) and Gerwin and Zink (Gerwin and Zink, 1998). Values for elevational distributions are from del Hoy et al. (del Hoy et al., 1999), as are data for the outgroup family Apodidae, the swifts.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Elevational range in relation to body mass for extant hummingbird species. Within each size class, the box plot delineates mean interspecific values for the lower and upper elevational range, as given for each species by del Hoy et al. (del Hoy et al., 1999). The numbers within any given box indicate the number of species for the particular size class. Interspecific linear regressions relating body mass to minimum, mean and maximum elevation are highly significant (P<0.001 for each variable), although the variance in elevational distribution that can be attributed to body mass alone is less than 10% in each case.