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Sodium and chloride regulation in freshwater and osmoconforming larvae of Culex mosquitoes

Marjorie L. Patrick^1,*, Richard J. Gonzalez² and Timothy J. Bradley¹

¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA and
² Department of Biology, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcalá Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Hemolymph Cl– concentrations of larval Culex quinquefasciatus, a freshwater obligate, and C. tarsalis, a euryhaline osmoconformer, held in 30 % sea water and transferred to 50 % sea water. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=4–8. * denotes a significant difference from pre-transfer, 30 % seawater values (time 0 h) (P0.05). denotes a significant difference between species at a given time point (P0.05).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Unidirectional, whole-body Na+ (A) and Cl– (B) uptake rates of Culex quinquefasciatus, a freshwater-obligate (open columns), and C. tarsalis, a euryhaline osmoconformer (filled columns), held in Irvine tapwater, low-NaCl medium for 2 or 7 days, 30 % sea water (SW) for 2 days and acutely transferred to 50 % sea water at 10 h post-transfer. Values are means + S.E.M.; N=5–12 for Na+ uptake, N=6–7 for Cl– uptake. * denotes a significant difference from the tapwater value (P0.05). denotes a significant difference from the 30 % seawater value (P0.05). denotes a significant difference between species for a given treatment (P0.05).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Unidirectional, whole-body Na+ (A) and Cl– (B) efflux rates of Culex quinquefasciatus, a freshwater-obligate (open columns), and C. tarsalis, a euryhaline osmoconformer (filled columns), held in Irvine tapwater, low-NaCl medium for 2 days, 30 % sea water (SW) for 2 days, and transferred to 50 % sea water at 2 and 4 h post-transfer. Values are means + S.E.M.; N=5–14 for Na+ efflux, N=5–8 for Cl– efflux. * denotes a significant difference from the tapwater value (P0.05). denotes a significant difference from 30 % seawater value (P0.05). denotes a significant difference between species for a given treatment (P0.05). ¶ denotes a significant difference from the hour 2 post-transfer, 50 % seawater value (P0.05).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effect of water NaCl concentration on whole-body Na+ and Cl– uptake rates of Culex quinquefasciatus, a freshwater-obligate (A,B), and C. tarsalis, a euryhaline osmoconformer (C,D), held in Irvine tapwater (filled symbols) and low-NaCl medium for 2 days (open symbols). Values are means ± S.E.M.; N=4–6 for Na+ uptake, N=6–7 for Cl– uptake.