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Respiratory water loss in free-flying pigeons

Gilead Michaeli and Berry Pinshow^*

Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research and Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Exhaled air temperature (A), tidal volume (B) and breathing frequency (C) of resting pigeons in relation to ambient air temperature. Each symbol represents a different individual, and measurements were made under conditions of standard temperature and pressure dry (STPD).

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Sample narial temperature from one pigeon at rest and in flight. Top waveform corresponds to mid-flight and the lower one to rest before flight. Air temperature was 12.5°C. The positive slope of the waveform corresponds to exhalation while the negative slope corresponds to inspiration.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Exhaled air temperature of flying pigeons in relation to ambient air temperature. Each symbol represents a different individual and is the mean of samples taken from the entire flight. The samples were taken every 3 min for the duration of the flight (2–3 h).

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. A 12 s sample of narial temperature measured in a free flying pigeon. An intermittent breathing pattern is apparent with fast segments (7 breaths s–1) interspersed with a slower component (3 breaths s–1).

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Breathing frequency of pigeons in flight in relation to ambient air temperature. Each symbol represents a different individual and is the mean of samples taken every 3 min for the duration of the flight (2–3 h).

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Respiratory water loss of flying pigeons in relation to ambient air water vapor density. Each symbol represents a different individual. See text for method of water loss calculation.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Total evaporative water loss (EWL) of flying pigeons in relation to ambient air temperature. EWL was measured by mass balance,assuming that excretory water loss was 9.2 % of total water loss. Each symbol represents a different individual.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Cutaneous water loss (CWL) of flying pigeons in relation to ambient air temperature. CWL was calculated from the difference between respiratory water loss and evaporative water loss. Each symbol represents a different individual. See text for details.