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The relative roles of external and internal CO₂ versus H⁺ in eliciting the cardiorespiratory responses of Salmo salar and Squalus acanthias to hypercarbia

S. F. Perry^* and J. E. McKendry

Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The effects of external injections of CO2-enriched sea water (4 % CO2; white symbols; N=11) or CO2-free acidified sea water (pH 6.3; grey symbols; N=7) on cardiac output (b) and cardiac frequency (fH) in dogfish (Squalus acanthias). The effects of (A) CO2 or (B) acidified water are depicted as representative traces and as mean values (C). Control fish (black symbols; N=11) received bolus injections of sea water. The shaded box represents the 20 s period of injection. (D) The changes in fH (fH) at the 20 s time point. Data are shown as means +1 standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). An asterisk denotes a statistically significant difference from the final pre-injection value (time zero). A double dagger denotes a statistically significant difference from the control and low-pH seawater groups. C, control. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The effects of external injections of CO2-enriched sea water (4 % CO2; white symbols; N=9) or CO2-free acidified sea water (pH 6.3; grey symbols; N=6) on ventilation amplitude (VAMP) in dogfish (Squalus acanthias). The effects of (A) CO2 and (B) acidified water are depicted as representative traces and as mean values (C). Control fish (black symbols; N=10) received bolus injections of sea water. The shaded box represents the 20 s period of injection. (D) The changes in VAMP (VAMP) at the 20 s time point. Data are shown as means +1 standard error of the mean. An asterisk denotes a statistically significant difference from the final pre-injection value (time zero). A double dagger denotes a statistically significant difference from the control and low-pH seawater groups. C, control. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The effects of external injections of CO2-enriched sea water (4 % CO2; white symbols; N=11) or CO2-free acidified sea water (pH 6.3; grey symbols; N=11) on cardiac output (b) and cardiac frequency (fH) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The effects of (A) CO2 and (B) acidified water are depicted as representative traces and as mean values (C). Control fish (black symbols; N=12) received bolus injections of sea water. The shaded box represents the 20 s period of injection. (D) The changes in fH (fH) at the 20 s time point. Data are shown as means +1 standard error of the mean. An asterisk denotes a statistically significant difference from the final pre-injection value (time zero). A double dagger denotes a statistically significant difference from the control and low-pH seawater groups. C, control. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The effects of external injections of CO2-enriched sea water (4 % CO2; white symbols; N=10) or CO2-free acidified sea water (pH 6.3; grey symbols; N=9) on ventilation amplitude (VAMP) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The effects of (A) CO2 and (B) acidified water are depicted as representative traces and as mean values (C). Control fish (black symbols; N=12) received bolus injections of sea water. The shaded box represents the 20 s period of injection. (D) The changes in VAMP (VAMP) at the 20 s time point. Data are shown as means +1 standard error of the mean. An asterisk denotes a statistically significant difference from the final pre-injection value (time zero). A double dagger denotes a statistically significant difference from the control and low-pH seawater groups. C, control. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa.