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Maneuvering in an arboreal habitat: the effects of turning angle on the locomotion of three sympatric ecomorphs of Anolis lizards

Timothy E. Higham^*, Matthew S. Davenport and Bruce C. Jayne

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210006, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006, USA

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Dorsal views of anesthetized specimens from each of the three Anolis species. Note that the overall body size is similar, whereas tail length and limb dimensions are much smaller in Anolis valencienni than in the other two species. All specimens are shown at the same magnification.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Net velocity versus stride number for Anolis lineatopus (A), A. grahami (B) and A. valencienni (C). The circles, squares and triangles represent turning angles of 0°, 30° and 90°, respectively. Values are means ± S.E.M. Some error bars are not visible because they are smaller than the size of the symbols.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Stride length (A,C,E) and step length (B,D,F) versus stride number for Anolis lineatopus (A,B), A. grahami (C,D) and A. valencienni (E,F). The circles, squares and triangles represent turning angles of 0°, 30° and 90°, respectively. For stride 0 on the 90° turn, stride and step lengths included jumps. Values are means ± S.E.M. Some error bars are not visible because they are smaller than the size of the symbols.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Duty factor (A,C,E) and stride frequency (B,D,F) versus stride number for Anolis lineatopus (A,B), A. grahami (C,D) and A. valencienni (E,F). The circles, squares and triangles represent turning angles of 0°, 30° and 90°, respectively. Values are means ± S.E.M. Some error bars are not visible because they are smaller than the size of the symbols.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Vertical position of the foot relative to the top of the perch (Yfoot) versus stride number for Anolis lineatopus (A), A. grahami (B) and A. valencienni (C). The circles, squares and triangles represent turning angles of 0°, 30° and 90°, respectively. Values are means ± S.E.M. Some error bars are not visible because they are smaller than the size of the symbols.

View larger version (124K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Overhead and lateral views and tail and body orientation of Anolis lineatopus (A,D), A. grahami (B,E) and A. valencienni (C,F) during (from top to bottom) take-off, mid-jump, landing and post landing on the 90° turning angle. The value to the left of each video image is the elapsed time (in ms); 0 ms indicates the time of take-off. The two white dots on the lizards indicate the midpoints of the pectoral (anterior dot) and pelvic (posterior dot) girdles. The line parallel to the long axis of the pipe on the top of the perch in the dorsal view represents the top of the perch. Note that all three species land on the inner side of the perch. Although the original overhead video images were inverted because they were obtained via a mirror, for the sake of clarity in these figures we edited the overhead view so that it resembled a simple dorsal view. The orientations of the perches prior to and after the turn are –45° and 45°, respectively. The downward-pointing arrows in D–F indicate the time of landing.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. The percentage of strides that contained a pause for Anolis lineatopus (A), A. grahami (B) and A. valencienni (C) for a particular stride number. The circles, squares and triangles represent turning angles of 0°, 30° and 90°, respectively.