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Cardiac effects of hypoxia in the neotenous tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum

Tom McKean^*, Guolian Li and Kong Wei

WWAMI Medical Program and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843-3051, USA

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Rate of oxygen consumption of salamanders in metabolism chambers at three levels of chamber oxygen. An asterisk denotes a significant difference (P<0.05) between normoxia and hypoxia. Values are means + S.D. N=3 for the high-oxygen group; N=6 for the other two groups.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Flow and pressure traces for a buffer-perfused heart from a normoxic salamander. Preload was set at 2 cmH2O (0.2 kPa) and afterload was set at 16 cmH2O (1.6 kPa). 1 cmH2O=98.1 Pa.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Frank—Starling relationship for buffer-perfused salamander hearts. Values are means + S.D. 1 cmH2O=98.1 Pa.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Heart rate and cardiac output during 5 days of hypoxia in an unanesthetized salamander. The range of oxygen levels during hypoxia was 5-8 %.

View larger version (54K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. 1.8 % agarose gel showing amplicons from normoxic (E) and hypoxic (F) salamanders. Lanes A-D show the first, second, third and fourth difference products respectively. The scale shown on the right is in base pairs for fragment size.

View larger version (51K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Ventricular cardiomyocytes from salamander. Two or three myocyes are visible and are incompletely separated. Scale bar, 100 µm.

View larger version (135K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Micrographs from (A) heart, (B) gill, (C) lung and (D) ileum of hypoxia-exposed salamanders that had been injected with colchicine. The asterisks indicate nuclei in which chromosomal separation has been arrested by the colchicine administration. Scale bars, 20 µm.