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Fuel use and metabolic response to endurance exercise: a wind tunnel study of a long-distance migrant shorebird

Susanne Jenni-Eiermann^1,*, Lukas Jenni¹, Anders Kvist², Åke Lindström^2,3, Theunis Piersma^3,4 and G. Henk Visser^4,5

¹ Swiss Ornithological Institute, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland
² Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-22362 Lund, Sweden
³ Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherland
⁴ Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherland
⁵ Centre for Isotope Research, Nijemborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Relationship between levels (mmol l-1) of six metabolites and the duration of resting (triangles) or flight (circles). The lines for resting (broken lines) and flying birds (continuous lines) are derived from the analysis given in Tables 1 and 2. VLDLs, very-low-density lipoproteins.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Residuals of free fatty acid (A), uric acid (B) and ß-hydroxybutyrate (C) levels from the analysis given in Table 1 versus the residuals of body mass loss after removing the effects of initial body mass and the duration of flight. This indicates whether an above- or below-average metabolite level was correlated with an above- or below-average body mass loss given the flight duration and initial body mass. Correlations were: (A) r=0.392, P=0.022, N=34; (B) r=0.633, P<0.001, N=35; (C) r=0.565, P<0.001, N=35.

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Residuals of free fatty acid (A), uric acid (B) and ß-hydroxybutyrate (C) levels from the analysis given in Table 1 versus the residuals of energy expenditure after removing the effects of initial body mass for birds flying for 10 h. This indicates whether an above- or below-average metabolite level was correlated with an above- or below-average energy expenditure given the initial body mass. Correlations were: (A) r=0.663, P=0.013, N=13; (B) r=0.399, P=0.177, N=13; (C) r=0.582, P=0.037, N=13.