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Role of the post-hepatic septum on breathing during locomotion in Tupinambis merianae (Reptilia: Teiidae)

Wilfried Klein^1,*, Denis V. Andrade², Augusto S. Abe² and Steven F. Perry¹

¹ Institut für Zoologie, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany
² Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – Rio Claro, c.p. 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Sample recording of ventilation in tegus. (A) Septum removed (SR), (B) sham-operated (SO). The sequence contains pre-exercise (Pre), exercise at 0.17 m s-1 (0.17 m s-1), 5 min of rest (Rest 1), exercise at 0.28 m s-1 (0.28 m s-1) and the final recovery period (Rest 2). The transitions end of exercise to recovery period are expanded below each main trace. Upper traces, signal from oxygen analyser; lower traces, signal from pressure transducer. Above the ventilation trace a broken line indicates an exercise period and the solid line a resting period. Insp., inspiration; Exp., expiration.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Ventilation of septum removed (SR)- (triangles) and sham-operated (SO)-tegus (circles) resting during the night (open symbols) and at rest and activity during the day (filled symbols). The start of exercise at 0.17 m s-1 and the beginning of the recovery period after exercise at 0.28 m s-1 are defined as zero. Exercise at 0.17 m s-1 (grey bar) was terminated after 5 min, whereas exercise at 0.28 m s-1 (black bar) lasted till exhaustion of the animal. TTOT, duration of total respiratory movements; fR, breathing frequency; VT, tidal volume; E, total ventilation rate. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=5. *Significantly different (P0.05) from all other values of a group; significantly different (P0.05) between SO- and SR-tegus; xsignificantly different (P0.05) from pre-exercise; #significantly different (P0.05) from 0.17 m s-1; significantly different (P0.05) from 0.28 m s-1.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Ventilation of septum removed (SR)- (triangles) and sham-operated (SO)-tegus (circles) resting during the night (open symbols) and at rest and activity during the day (filled symbols). The start of exercise at 0.17 m s-1 and the beginning of the recovery period after exercise at 0.28 m s-1 are defined as zero. Exercise at 0.17 m s-1 (grey bar) was terminated after 5 min, whereas exercise at 0.28 m s-1 (black bar) lasted until exhaustion of the animal. EO2, oxygen extraction; VBO2, oxygen uptake per breath; O2, oxygen consumption; E/O2, air convection requirement. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=5. *Significantly different (P0.05) from all other values of a group; xsignificantly different (P0.05) from the pre-exercise; #significantly different (P0.05) from 0.17 m s-1; significantly different (P0.05) from 0.28 m s-1. BTPS, body temperature, barometric pressure saturated; STPD, standard temperature and pressure, dry.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Endurance of Tupinambis merianae with intact post-hepatic septum (PHS) (grey boxes) and with surgically removed PHS (white boxes) at 0.17 and 0.28 m s-1. The lower boundary of a box indicates the 25th percentile, the solid line within the box marks the median, and the upper boundary of the box indicates the 75th percentile. Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. Means are presented as stippled lines and outliers as solid points. *Significant difference (P0.05) between 0.17 and 0.28 m s-1 in a group of tegus.