The swamp eel Monopterus albus reduces endogenous ammonia production and detoxifies ammonia to glutamine during 144 h of aerial exposure
Angeline S. L. Tay1,
Shit F. Chew2 and
Yuen K. Ip1,*
1 Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Kent
Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
2 Natural Sciences, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological
University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Republic of Singapore
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Fig. 1. Effects of aerial exposure on the rates of (A) ammonia and (B) urea
excretion (µmol day-1 g-1) of Monopterus
albus. Values are means + S.E.M. (N=4). W, in water;
A, in air; *significantly different from the values of the
corresponding control in water at P<0.05.
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Fig. 2. Effects of various periods of aerial exposure on the concentrations
(µmol g-1 wet mass or µmol ml-1; N=4) of
ammonia in (A) muscle, (B) liver, (C) brain, (D) gut and (E) plasma of
Monopterus albus. Values are means + S.E.M. W, in water;
A, in air; asignificantly different from the 0 h water control
value; bsignificantly different from the value of 24 h in air;
csignificantly different from the value of 72 h in air;
dsignificantly different from the value of 144 h in air.
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Fig. 3. Effects of various periods of aerial exposure on the concentrations
(µmol g-1 wet mass or µmol ml-1; N=4) of
urea in (A) muscle, (B) liver, (C) brain, (D) gut and (E) plasma of
Monopterus albus. Values are means + S.E.M. W, in water;
A, in air; asignificantly different from the 0 hwater control
value; bsignificantly different from the value of 24 h in air;
csignificantly different from the value of 72 h in air;
dsignificantly different from the value of 144 h in air.
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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2003
