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Swimming performance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis, a close relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) Swimming performance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis, a close relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) II. Kinematics

Hawkins J. Dowis¹, Chugey A. Sepulveda², Jeffrey B. Graham² and Kathryn A. Dickson^1,*

¹ Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA
² Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Relationship between tailbeat frequency and swimming speed for Sarda chiliensis (each symbol denotes one individual) compared with (A) 42 cm and 53 cm yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares (open triangles) (Dewar and Graham, 1994b) and (B) 40–44 cm yellowfin (open triangles) and 38–41 cm skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (solid triangles) (Knower et al., 1999). Best-fit regression equation (regression coefficients ± S.D.) for the bonito data: tailbeat frequency = 0.017±0.002 x speed + 0.75±0.15 (N=8). Broken lines are 95% confidence intervals of the regressions.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Tailbeat amplitude as a function of swimming speed for Sarda chiliensis (each symbol denotes one individual) and two sizes of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (inverted solid triangle for 42 cm and upright solid triangle for 48 cm) from Dewar and Graham (1994b). The solid line is the best-fit regression equation (regression coefficients ± S.D.) for the bonito: tailbeat amplitude = 0.06±0.01 x speed + 14.0±0.95 (N=8). Dotted lines represent 95% confidence intervals of the regression. FL, fork length.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Stride length versus swimming speed for Sarda chiliensis (each symbol denotes one individual) and two species of tuna, yellowfin Thunnus albacares (upright solid triangles) and skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis (inverted solid triangles). Tuna data represented by solid lines are from Dewar and Graham (1994b) and by broken lines from Knower (1998). Best-fit regression equation (regression coefficients ± S.D.) for the bonito: stride length = 0.32±0.08 x speed + 51.15±6.98 (N=8). Dotted lines are the 95% confidence intervals of this regression.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Maximum lateral displacement (means ± S.D.) at each intervertebral joint as a function of relative position along the body for Sarda chiliensis (solid triangles), kawakawa tuna Euthynnus affinis (open circles) and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus (open squares). Tuna and mackerel data are from Donley and Dickson (2000).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Maximum bending angle (means ± S.D.) at each intervertebral joint as a function of relative position along the body for Sarda chiliensis (solid triangles), kawakawa tuna Euthynnus affinis (open circles) and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus (open squares). Tuna and mackerel data are from Donley and Dickson (2000).