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First published online August 8, 2003

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The effect of temperature on swimming performance and oxygen consumption in adult sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon stocks

C. G. Lee¹, A. P. Farrell^1,*, A. Lotto², M. J. MacNutt³, S. G. Hinch² and M. C. Healey⁴

¹ Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
² Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
³ Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
⁴ Institute for Resources and Environment, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map of British Columbia, Canada illustrating the locations of fish sampling, fish spawning and in-river hydraulic challenges to upstream migration.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Individual routine oxygen consumption (O2routine) values as a function of ambient and adjusted temperature t for Gates Creek (GC) and Weaver Creek (WVR) sockeye salmon and Chehalis River (CHE) coho salmon. Individual O2routine increased exponentially for all stocks tested at ambient t (broken line): O2routine=2.12+0.09x100.18t (P<0.05; r2=0.65). Inclusion of adjusted temperature data for two stocks (solid line) changed the regression equation to: O2routine=1.39+0.54x100.08t (P<0.05; r2=0.52).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Stock-specific relationships between oxygen consumption at Ucrit (O2max) and water temperature t from different fish stocks (GC, Gates Creek stock; WVR, Weaver Creek stock; CHE, Chehalis River stock; ES, Early Stuart stock). Fish were tested at either ambient temperature (symbols without a cross) or an adjusted temperature (symbols with a cross). The vertical lines indicate the average ambient water temperature for each stock, which corresponded closely with the peak O2max for that stock. For GC sockeye salmon: O2max=15.26/1+[t-17.13)/8.95]2 (P<0.05; r2= 0.51). For WVR sockeye salmon: O2max=-100.82+119.2/1+[(t-14.88)/25.52]2 (P<0.05; r2=0.59). For CHE coho salmon: O2max=9.72/1+[(t-8.42)/7.31]2 (P<0.05; r2=0.39). (B) Stock-specific relationships between scope for activity (O2max-O2routine) and water temperature from different fish stocks. The vertical lines indicate the average ambient water temperature for each stock, which corresponded closely with the peak O2max for that stock. For GC sockeye salmon: scope for activity=11.22/1+[(t-16.63)/8.11]2 (P<0.05; r2=0.29). For WVR sockeye salmon: scope for activity=7.29/1+[(t-7.89)/6.03]2 (P<0.05; r2=0.47). For CHE coho salmon: scope for activity=8.41/1+[(t-14.48)/5.10]2 (P<0.05; r2=0.39). (C) Relationship between O2max and ambient water temperature among individual fish from different stocks of sockeye and coho salmon. The regression equation for the relationship (solid line, P<0.05; r2=0.63) is compared with earlier studies of adult sockeye salmon (broken line, Davis 1966; dotted line, Brett and Glass, 1973).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Stock-specific relationships between critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and water temperature t among individual fish from different fish stocks. For Gates Creek (GC) sockeye salmon: Ucrit=2.17/1+[(t-16.15)/9.59]2 (P<0.05; r2=0.41). For Weaver Creek (WVR) sockeye salmon: Ucrit=1.60/1+[(t-15.18)/8.52]2 (P<0.05; r2=0.27). The relationship for Chehalis (CHE) coho salmon was not statistically significant over the temperature range examined. Results for Early Stuart (ES) sockeye salmon are included for reference.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5 (A) Relationships between oxygen consumption and swimming speed for Gates Creek (GC) and Weaver Creek (WVR) sockeye salmon and Chehalis (CHE) coho salmon. At comparable intermediate velocities, active O2 for GC sockeye salmon was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that for other stocks. Active O2 varied sigmoidally with swimming speed U for the GC sockeye salmon: O2=-54.44+68.85/[1+e-(U-1.58)/0.087)]0.013 (P<0.05; r2=0.997). Active O2 varied exponentially for WVR sockeye salmon tested in either the laboratory or field according to the equations: O2=2.78+0.24e2.38U (P<0.05; r2=0.999) and O2=2.80+0.29e2.00U (P<0.05; r2=0.995), respectively. Active O2 varied exponentially for CHE coho salmon tested in either November 2000 or January 2001 according to the equations: O2=2.37+0.25e1.93U (P<0.05; r2=0.993) and O2=0.97+0.80e1.48U (P<0.05; r2=0.997), respectively. O2routine and O2max values for Early Stuart (ES) sockeye salmon are included for reference. (B) Relationships between cost of transport (COT) and U for sockeye and coho salmon. COT varied with U for WVR sockeye salmon tested in the laboratory and field according to the equations: COT=3.31e-1-5.71e-3U+4.06e-5U2 (P<0.05; r2=0.991) and COT=3.18e-1-5.65e-3U+4.52e-5U2 (P<0.05; r2=0.961), respectively. For CHE coho salmon tested in either November 2000 or January, 2001 COT varied with swimming speed according to the equations: COT=2.54e-1-3.97e-3U+2.73e-5U2 (P<0.05; r2=0.941) and COT=2.07e-1-2.85e-3U+2.45e-5U2 (P<0.05; r2=0.921), respectively. (All r2 values >0.95.) The relationship for GC sockeye salmon was not defined. (C) Relationships between net cost of transport (COTnet) and U for sockeye and coho salmon stocks. COTnet varied exponentially for WVR sockeye salmon tested in the laboratory and field according to the equations: COTnet=-1.07e-2+1.22e-2e0.023U (P<0.05; r2=0.999) and COTnet=2.01e-2+2.53e-4e0.041U (P<0.05; r2=0.999), respectively. For CHE coho salmon tested in either November 2000 or January 2001, COTnet varied exponentially according to the equations: COTnet=2.88e-3+9.10e-4e0.041U (P<0.05; r2=0.999) and COTnet=-5.73e-3+1.98e-2e0.019U (P<0.05; r2=0.994), respectively. The relationship for GC sockeye salmon was not exponential.