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First published online August 25, 2003

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Sex differences in the thermoregulation and evaporative water loss of a heterothermic bat, Lasiurus cinereus, during its spring migration

Paul M. Cryan^* and Blair O. Wolf

UNM Department of Biology, MCS03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001 USA

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Body temperature (Tb) of male and female Lasiurus cinereus as a function of air temperature (Ta). Closed symbols represent normothermic individuals, open symbols are torpid bats. Open triangles indicate bats that entered torpor but were normothermic upon exit from the metabolic chamber.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mass-specific metabolic rate of male and female L. cinereus as a function of air temperature (Ta). Closed symbols represent normothermic individuals, open symbols are torpid bats.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Wet thermal conductance of male and female L. cinereus as a function of air temperature (Ta). Closed symbols represent normothermic individuals, open symbols are torpid bats.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Mass-specific evaporative water loss of male and female L. cinereus as a function of air temperature (Ta). Closed symbols represent normothermic individuals, open symbols are torpid bats.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Model-based predictions of torpor energy use, proportional to normothermic energy expenditure, as a function of torpor bout duration in male and female L. cinereus. See text for description of model. The broken line indicates the point at which torpor maintenance and arousal costs equal normothermic energy expenditure.