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First published online August 25, 2003

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Hormonal control of swimbladder sonic muscle dimorphism in the Lusitanian toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus

Teresa Modesto^* and Adelino V. M. Canário

Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal

View larger version (186K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Transverse section of sonic muscle fibers of H. didactylus. TOT, perimeter of fiber, continuous line; MYO, perimeter of myofibril, broken line; SAR, peripheral sarcoplasm. H&E stain.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Comparison of sonic muscle fiber components (adjusted mean areas) of females, type I males and type II males between winter season and late spring/summer season (breeding season). Different letters in the same graph indicate statistically significant differences among groups and seasons (P<0.05). Vertical bars represent S.E.M.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Plasma levels of testosterone after intraperitoneal testosterone implantation in type I males (experiment A). Vertical bars represent S.E.M.

View larger version (49K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Change in plasma levels of sex steroids according to treatment in experiment B immediately before surgery and 2 weeks and 6 weeks after surgery. Treatment groups are: intact (INT), sham-operated (SHAM), castrated (CAST), castrated plus control implants (CAST + C), castrated plus testosterone implants (CAST + T), castrated plus 11-ketotestesterone implants (CAST + 11KT), castrated plus 17ß-estradiol implants (CAST + E2). Different letters in the same graph indicate statistically significant differences among groups and sampling time (P<0.05). Vertical bars represent S.E.M.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Sonic muscle fiber components (adjusted mean areas) according to treatment in experiment B six weeks after surgery. Treatment groups are: castrated plus control implants (CAST + C), castrated plus testosterone implants (CAST + T), castrated plus 11-ketotestesterone implants (CAST + 11KT), castrated plus 17ß-estradiol implants (CAST + E2). *Significant differences from control group (CAST + C) at P<0.05. Vertical bars represent S.E.M.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Plasma levels of testosterone and 11-ketosterone in experimental groups in experiment C. Experimental groups are: intact type I males (MI INT), castrated type I males (MI CAST), intact type II males (MII INT), castrated type II males (MII CAST), intact females, (F INT). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups and sampling time (P<0.05). Vertical bars represent S.E.M.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Sonic muscle fiber components (adjusted mean areas) according to treatment in experiment C six months after surgery. Treatment groups are: type I males (MI), type II males (MII), intact females (F). * and ** indicate significant differences from corresponding control (intact group of same morph) at P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively. Vertical bars represent S.E.M.