First published online September 9, 2003
High-speed video analysis of wing-snapping in two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves)
Kimberly S. Bostwick1,* and
Richard O. Prum2
1 Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
2 Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, and Department of
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045,
USA
View larger version (23K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 1. Spectrograms of five snap sonations*. From top to bottom as
labeled: three snaps (M. candei); two roll-snaps
(nine and ten pulses respectively, from birds at different distances from
recorder, M. candei); a click (P. mentalis); a
rub-snap, showing the characteristic three sound pulses (P.
mentalis); a full series of six claps, demonstrating the overall
timing and pattern of claps (P. mentalis); two claps on an
expanded time axis to show the relationship of the first and second pulses of
sounds within each clap. Detailed descriptions of motions are given
in the text. *Note variation in time-axis scale among spectrograms.
|
|
View larger version (60K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 2. Posterior view of M. manacus producing a snap. The perch
is on the extreme right of the images; the background of each image is the
floor of the males' court. Intervals between frames are 4 ms. Sound production
occurs while airborne between frames 5 and 6.
|
|
View larger version (95K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 3. Posterior view of M. candei producing two sound pulses of a
roll-snap. Intervals between preliminary motions depicted in frames
1-5 are 4 ms; between frames 6 and 21 are 2 ms. Sound production occurs at
frames 9 and 19.
|
|
View larger version (76K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 4. Anterior view of Pipra mentalis producing a click.
Intervals between frames are 4 ms. Sound production occurs at the frame 11; a
propulsive wing beat spans frames 16-24.
|
|
View larger version (143K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 5. Posterior and lateral views of Pipra mentalis producing a
rub-snap. Two of three full cycles are shown. Intervals between
frames are 2 ms. Sound production is hypothesized to occur between frames 5
and 6 and 11 and 12.
|
|
View larger version (43K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 6. Pipra mentalis producing one clap. Ventro-lateral view;
the male's head is lowered to the left, and his tail is up and pointing right.
Intervals between frames are 4 ms. Production of the 1st and 2nd pulses of
sound occur on frames 7 and 13, respectively.
|
|
View larger version (23K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 7. Spectrograms of six non-snap sonations*. From top to bottom as
labeled: a snap and subsequent twelve-pulsed snort (M.
manacus); three multi-pulsed rattles (M. aurantiacus);
a sample of whirring (M. manacus); a sample of
fanning (M. manacus); four humm pulses (P.
mentalis); the extremely low-frequency swoop (P.
mentalis). Detailed descriptions of motions are given in text. *Note
variation in time-axis scale among spectrograms.
|
|
View larger version (143K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 8. Dorsal view of M. manacus producing a snort. The male is
crouched on the floor of his court in frame 1, and airborne between frames
3-10. The display perch is in the upper left. Three sound pulses shown,
produced during frames 4, 7, and 10. Intervals between frames are 4 ms.
|
|
View larger version (90K):
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 9. Dorso-lateral view of wing motions used during fanning of M.
manacus.
|
|
© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2003
