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First published online October 10, 2003

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Slow death in the leopard frog Rana pipiens: neurotransmitters and anoxia tolerance

Sarah L. Milton^*, Liscia Manuel and Peter L. Lutz

Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Forebrain amino acid levels in the 1-4 h anoxic frog Rana pipiens; N=5 per time point. For details of sample times, see text. *Significant difference from control, a4 h time point significantly different from 2 h, P<0.05.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Whole brain (forebrain) amino acids in the frog Rana pipiens unchanged over 1-4 h of anoxia; N=5 per time point.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Changes in forebrain extracellular amino acids from control levels in 1 h and 4 h anoxic frogs Rana pipiens; N=5-6 per time point. *Significant difference from control, P<0.05.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Forebrain levels of extracellular amino acids unchanged over a 4 h period of anoxia in the frog Rana pipiens; N=5-6 per time point.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Forebrain extracellular [dopamine] in the normoxic vs. 4 h anoxic frog Rana pipiens; N=6 for normoxic group, N=5 for anoxic group. *Significantly different from control, asignificantly different from previous time point.