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Acutely altered hemodynamics following venous obstruction in the early chick embryo

Sandra Stekelenburg-de Vos¹, Nicolette T. C. Ursem^1,*, Wim C. J. Hop², Juriy W. Wladimiroff¹, Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot³ and Robert E. Poelmann³

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
² Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
³ Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

View larger version (158K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Stage-17 chick embryo with an aluminium microclip (mc) positioned at the right lateral vitelline vein (rlvv), causing cessation of blood flow proximal to the microclip. h, heart; da, dorsal aorta. Scale bar, 1 mm.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effects of clipping the right lateral vitelline vein on hemodynamic parameters in the stage-17 chick embryo. (A) Heart rate (beats min-1); (B) peak systolic velocity (mm s-1); (C) time-averaged velocity (mm s-1); (D) peak blood flow (mm3 s-1); (E) mean blood flow (mm3 s-1); (F) peak acceleration (mm s-2); (G) stroke volume (mm3). Values of net changes from baseline level of all hemodynamic parameters at corresponding times (h) are shown as means ± S.E.M. Solid circles, clipped group (N=16); open circles, control group (N=16). *P<0.05 for the comparison with baseline values within groups. The profiles in B—E and G are in a parallel position to each other, which indicates a significant difference in the net changes from baseline level throughout the 5 h study period. The profiles in A and F do not run parallel to each other, therefore paired t-tests were performed for these parameters to compare values between both groups at the different measurement points, P<0.05.