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Mitogen-activated protein kinases: new signaling pathways functioning in cellular responses to environmental stress

Kyra J. Cowan¹ and Kenneth B. Storey^2,*

¹ Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, San Francisco General Hospital and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110, USA
² Institute of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Flow chart of the three MAPK modules (ERKs, JNKs, p38), showing stimuli, the three-tier regulatory cascade within each module (MAPK, MAPKK and MAPKKK levels) and the various cellular responses elicited by MAPK control.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. MAPK responses in stress-tolerant animals. (A) JNK activity in organs from control (C) and anoxia-exposed (1, 5 and 20 h anoxic submergence at 5°C) hatchling turtles Trachemys scripta elegans. Left, representative autoradiograms of phosphorylated 32P-c-Jun-GST; right densitometry results (means ± S.E.M.) for N=3 trials. (B) Amount of phosphorylated (active) p38 in organs from control (C) versus frozen (20 min, 1 and 12 h at –2.5°C) wood frogs Rana sylvatica. On the left are representative western blots using antibody to the phosphorylated (tyr 182) peptide; on the right are densitometry results, means ± S.E.M., N=3. *Significantly different from the corresponding control value, P<0.05. From Greenway and Storey (1999, 2000a).

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Summary of MAPK signaling pathways, showing cross-talk between modules.