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First published online May 13, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2055-2064 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00971
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Contributions of different NaPi cotransporter isoforms to dietary regulation of P transport in the pyloric caeca and intestine of rainbow trout

Shozo H. Sugiura and Ronaldo P. Ferraris*

New Jersey Medical School, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA



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Fig. 1. Pi concentrations of the luminal fluid (A) and pH of the adherent and luminal fluid (B) from various sections of the alimentary canal in rainbow trout consuming commercial feed pellets. GI, gastro-intestinal; St, stomach; Pc, pyloric caeca; I-a, pyloric caeca region of the proximal intestine; I-b, post pyloric caeca region of the proximal intestine; I-c, first 1/2 of the distal intestine; I-d, second 1/2 of the distal intestine; Adherent, adherent fluid; Luminal, luminal fluid. Each column represents the mean ± S.E.M. (N=5 fish). Samples were collected 6 h postprandial.

 


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Fig. 2. Total, passive and active Pi uptake in the pyloric caeca of rainbow trout in incubation media containing various [Pi]: (A) Nonlinear plot of total, passive and active components; inset shows enlarged section of first part of curve. (B) Eadie–Hofstee plot of active component. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=6–10 tissues from 3–4 fish). Total Pi uptake was determined in the normal incubation medium, and passive Pi uptake was estimated (Est.) from the slope of normal incubation medium (>1 mmol l–1). The active component of Pi uptake in the pyloric caeca was estimated by difference. Pi uptake in PFA-containing medium (broken line) was slightly higher than the estimated passive uptake at high Pi concentrations (>5 mmol l–1). Using Equation 2, max=64.6±7.6 (mean ± S.E.M.) nmol g tissue–1 min–1; Km=0.474±0.199 mmol l–1; Kd=0.039±0.002 min–1. In A, percentages of the active component in total Pi transport were as follows (N=6–10): 99.8 (extrapolation) at 0.28 nmol l–1 (tracer concentration); 74.5±2.6 at 0.1 mmol l–1; 62.7±3.1 at 0.3 mmol l–1; 51.2±6.2 at 0.6 mmol l–1; 56.5±1.9 at 1 mmol l–1; 45.9±3.0 at 2 mmol l–1; 17.8±8.4 at 5 mmol l–1; 12.5±2.5 at 10 mmol l–1; and 7.7 (extrapolation) at 20 mmol l–1.

 


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Fig. 3. Effects of various inhibitors and inhibitory conditions on tracer Pi uptake in the pyloric caeca of rainbow trout. (A) Experiment 1; (B) experiment 2. Normal (Ringer); Na-choline (Na– free Ringer, Na replaced by choline); Na– KCl (Na-free Ringer, Na replaced by K); Ouabain (Normal plus ouabain, 5 mmol l–1); P++ (Normal plus 10 mmol l–1 non-labeled Pi); PFA (Normal plus phosphonoformic acid, trisodium hexahydrate, 5 mmol l–1); NaN3 (Normal plus sodium azide, 10 mmol l–1). Cold [tissues incubated as in Normal but ice-cold (<2°C) medium]. All the tissue incubation media (except P++) contained only tracer Pi (32P) as the Pi source. Estimated active Pi uptake at tracer Pi concentration was ~99.8% of the total uptake. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=6–8 tissues in A; N=5 tissues in B). Columns with uncommon letters are different (P<0.05) by the Newman–Keuls test. All data were log-transformed before ANOVA. See Materials and methods and Table 1 for the assay procedures.

 


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Fig. 4. Effect of pH on the total uptake of Pi in pyloric caeca of rainbow trout. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=5). *At the same pH, Pi uptake in Na-containing (Na+) medium was significantly greater than that in Na-free (Na–) medium (two-tailed t-test). The incubation medium contained 0.1 mmol l–1 Pi, and estimated active Pi uptake was ~75% of the total uptake. In Na-free medium, choline chloride replaced NaCl of the normal medium iso-osmotically. The pH of the medium was adjusted using HCl and KOH. A single buffer system (Tris-citrate) was used for all the incubation media. Pi uptake increased at high pH in Na+ medium, but not in Na-free medium. Significant Pi uptake was seen in Na-free medium at pH 4–9.

 


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Fig. 5. Tissue distribution of intestine-type NaPi (I) and pyloric caeca-type NaPi (PC) cotransporter mRNA in rainbow trout consuming a normal (sufficient) P diet. Total RNA was reverse-transcribed using oligo-dT20 primer, and PCR-amplified for 14 cycles for both intestine-type NaPi (I-NaPi) and pyloric caeca-type NaPi (PC-NaPi), or 7 cycles for beta-actin. The PCR products were Southern-transferred onto a nylon membrane, and probed with 32P-labelled cDNA (a mixture of I-NaPi, PC-NaPi and beta-actin cDNA, equimolar basis). Three fish were examined, and the representative blot is shown above. Specific primers, designed from a unique region, amplified either I-NaPi or PC-NaPi, but not both.

 


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Fig. 6. Effect of dietary P restriction on rate of Pi uptake in the proximal intestine (open bars) and pyloric caeca (PC; filled bars) of rainbow trout. Fish were fed either low-P (LP) or high-P (HP) diet for 20 days. Sleeves of intestine and PC were sampled from the fish at days 2, 5 and 20, and Pi-uptake analyzed in vitro. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=5 fish, 2 tissue sleeves per fish assayed). The tissue incubation medium contained 0.1 mmol l–1 Pi. At this Pi concentration, the active component represents ~75% of total Pi uptake in PC (see Fig. 3). Between LP and HP fish, Pi-uptake was not different at days 2 and 5 in intestine and PC; however, at day 20, the uptake was markedly different between LP and HP fish in the intestine (*P=0.002), but not in PC (NS; P=0.35). Among sampling days (day 2, 5 and 20) in each treatment, Pi uptake was markedly different in the intestine (ANOVA P=0.001 and 0.03, regression P=0.0003 and 0.007 in LP and HP fish, respectively), but not in PC (ANOVA P=0.34 and 0.95, regression P=0.14 and 0.76 in LP and HP fish, respectively).

 


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Fig. 7. Effects of dietary P levels on NaPi cotransporter mRNA abundance (A,B) and Pi uptake (C,D) in the proximal intestine (Int.) and pyloric caeca (PC) of rainbow trout. Fish were fed either low-P (LP; open symbols) or high-P (HP; filled symbols) diet for 20 days. Serum Pi and bone P concentrations (x-axis) represent the P status of each fish. I-NaPi and PC-NaPi mRNA abundances were determined by RT-PCR-Southern blot (PC-NaPi in the intestine was negligible). The mRNA abundance was normalized by ß-actin mRNA abundance and expressed relative to the average of I-NaPi in PC of HP fish (=1.0). Pi uptake was determined in vitro in the incubation medium containing 0.1 mmol l–1 Pi. At this Pi concentration, the active component represented ~75% of total Pi uptake in PC (Fig. 3). (A) Significant correlations were found between serum Pi concentration and I-NaPi mRNA abundance in the intestine (slope P=0.002) and in PC (slope P=0.002), whereas correlation between serum Pi concentration and PC-NaPi mRNA abundance in PC (broken line) was weak (P=0.04). (B) Significant correlations were also found between bone P concentration and I-NaPi mRNA abundance in the intestine (slope P=0.005) and in PC (slope P<0.0001), whereas correlations between bone P concentration and PC-NaPi mRNA abundance in PC (broken line) were insignificant (P=0.2). In both A and B, PC-NaPi was dominant in PC in HP fish, whereas I-NaPi was dominant in PC in LP fish. I-NaPi abundance in the intestine was higher in both LP and HP fish than the total NaPi cotransporter abundance in PC. (C) Correlation between serum [Pi] and Pi uptake was significant in the intestine (slope P=0.001), but not in PC (broken line; slope P=0.4). (D) Correlation between bone [P] and Pi uptake was significant in the intestine (slope P=0.007), but not in PC (broken line; slope P=0.7). In both C and D, Pi uptake (g–1 tissue) was higher in PC than in the intestine, especially in HP fish.

 





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