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First published online May 13, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2071-2081 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00978

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Activation patterns of the tongue-projector muscle during feeding in the imperial cave salamander Hydromantes imperialis

Stephen M. Deban^* and Ursula Dicke

Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany

View larger version (169K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Photograph of a section of the subarcualis rectus posterior (SARP) muscle of Hydromantes imperialis from two perspectives (A) medial, (B) lateral. The portion of the muscle in the center of each photo has been partially dissected to illustrate the complex arrangement of muscle fibers and the position of the epibranchial cartilage (arrow) in the lumen. Scale bar, 1 mm.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Diagram of the tongue projection system of Hydromantes, with the tongue at rest in the mouth, showing the positions of the EMG recording sites on the subarcualis rectus (SAR) muscle. The SAR originates on the ceratohyal (dark gray), which is shown on the left of the diagram. Also shown are the tongue skeleton (black) and the tongue retractor muscle, the rectus cervicis profundus (gray striped). Ant., anterior; Mid., middle; Post., posterior.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Values of nine EMG variables plotted against prey distance for all recorded feeding events in five individuals of Hydromantes imperialis (Hi 1–5, labeled as different symbols), with least-squares regression lines and coefficients of determination. EMG area (A) and amplitude (B) show weak positive correlations with prey distance compared to EMG duration (C). Post, Posterior; Mid, middle; Ant, anterior.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Values of nine EMG variables plotted against prey distance for all recorded feeding events in five individuals of Hydromantes imperialis (Hi 1–5, labeled as different symbols), with least-squares regression lines and coefficients of determination. Relative duration (A) and relative peak times (C) show weak negative correlations with prey distance compared to relative onset times (B), which clearly shows how the SARP activation is piecemeal at short prey distances and all at once at greater prey distances. Mid–Post, middle–posterior; Ant–Mid, anterior–middle; Ant–Post, anterior–posterior.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Sample EMG traces from two feedings in the same individual of Hydromantes imperialis, illustrating the different activation patterns observed during feedings at distant prey (A) and near prey (B). Note the differences in total EMG area, duration and relative onset times of the different recording sites on the SAR. The vertical broken line indicates the onset of activation of the anterior SAR (SARA). SARP, posterior SAR.