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First published online July 26, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2917-2924 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01127

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Ontogenesis of the attachment ability in the bug Coreus marginatus (Heteroptera, Insecta)

Stanislav N. Gorb^1,2,* and Elena V. Gorb^1,3

¹ Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Metals Research, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
² Department of Insect Ethology and Sociobiology, Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 15 Khmelnitsy Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
³ Faculty of Biology, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska Str., 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Computer controlled centrifugal device equipped with a fibreoptical sensor. (A) Scheme of the device. (B,C) Position of the focused light source (ls, sender) and fibre-optical sensor (fos, receiver) relative to the drum centre with an insect rotating on the horizontal drum surface, viewed from above. cm, motor control; cp, computer; cs, sensor control; dr, drum; pt, Plexiglas plate; rt, rotor of the motor.

View larger version (151K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Pulvilli of adult Coreus marginatus. (A) Single pulvillus, light microscopy, phase contrast. Each tarsus bears two pulvilli (PU). (B) Ventro-lateral aspect of the pretarsus with pulvilli, SEM. (C) Detail of the pulvillus surface, SEM. AU, auxiliar sclerite; CL, claw; d, distal direction; UT, unguitractor plate.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Mass of individual insects, used for force measurements, versus the head width (N=40). Data fit: a=0.571, b=4.538, r2=0.837, ANOVA: F=367.9, P<0.001. Red dotted line shows predicted slope for the regression line.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Dependence of the area of a single pulvillus on the head width (A) and body mass (B) (N=40) and dependence of the pressure on the substrate on the body mass (C). Each point represents the average pulvillus area (N=12) of an individual insect. In all, 480 pulvilli were measured. (A) Data fit: a=3.009, b=3.197, r2=0.83, ANOVA: F=360.0, P<0.001. (B) Data fit: a=2.820, b=0.576, r2=0.67, ANOVA: F=150.2, P<0.001. (C) Data fit: a=0.101, b=0.424, r2=0.52, ANOVA: F=81.1, P<0.001. Red dotted lines show predicted slopes for regression lines.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Dependence of the friction force (Ffriction) (A,B) and frictional coefficient (µ=Ffriction/Fnormal) (C,D) on the body mass for individual insects (N=40). (A,C) Average values for individual experimental insects. (B,D) Maximum values for individual experimental insects. Data are fitted with the linear regression and the fitted results were compared to the original data using one-way ANOVA. Solid lines and open circle, results of experiments at high acceleration (HAC, 12.1 rev s-2); broken lines and black circles, results of experiments at low acceleration (LAC, 1.21 rev s-2). (A) Average friction (LAC fit data: a=-0.446, b=0.720, r2=0.63, ANOVA: F=64.9, P<0.001; HAC data fit: a=-0.135, b=0.585, r2=0.37, ANOVA: F=22.0, P<0.001). (B) Maximum friction (LAC data fit: a=-0.215, b=0.707, r2=0.55, ANOVA: F=46.4, P<0.001; HAC data fit: a=0.030, b=0.640, r2=0.41, ANOVA: F=25.6, P<0.001). (C) Average frictional coefficient (LAC data fit: a=2.488, b=-0.245, r2=0.16, ANOVA: F=7.3, P=0.010; HAC data fit: a=2.864, b=-0.415, r2=0.23, ANOVA: F=11.1, P=0.002). (D) Maximum frictional coefficient (LAC data fit: a=2.730, b=-0.259, r2=0.129, ANOVA: F=5.7, P=0.022; HAC data fit: a=3.029, b=-0.360, r2=0.18, ANOVA: F=8.1, P=0.007). Red dotted lines show predicted slopes for regression lines.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Differences between data obtained for individual insects (N=40) at low and high accelerations (LAC=1.21 rev s-2; HAC=12.1 rev s-2, respectively). (A) Friction force (fit for average data: a=-0.420, b=0.430, r2=0.08; fit for maximum values: a=-0.104, b=0.425, r2=0.08). (B) Friction coefficient (fit for average data: a=2.619, b=-0.589, r2=0.14; fit for maximum values: a=2.926, b=-0.597, r2=0.14). Black circles and broken lines, average data; white circles and solid lines, maximum values for individual insects.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Dependence of the friction force on the pulvilli area for low (A) and high (B) acceleration (LAC=1.21 rev s-2; HAC=12.1 rev s-2, respectively). (A) Data fit: a=2.000, b=1.088, r2=0.70, ANOVA: F=88.2, P<0.001. (B) Data fit: a=1.908, b=0.932, r2=0.47, ANOVA: F=31.4, P<0.001. N=40.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Lateral tenacity (friction force/total contact area of 12 pulvilli) calculated for insects of various size. Three groups of insects with different average areas of pulvilli are considered. The first group consists of juvenile insects, the third group consists of adults, the second group is mixed. There is no significant difference in the lateral tenacity between the groups (H=0.64, d.f.=2, P=0.726, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on Ranks).