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First published online December 10, 2003
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 249-261 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00745

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In vivo muscle activity in the hindlimb of the arboreal lizard, Chamaeleo calyptratus: general patterns and the effects of incline

Timothy E. Higham^* and Bruce C. Jayne

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210006, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006, USA

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Right hindlimb muscles of C. calyptratus represented by a lateral view of the deeper musculature (A), a lateral view of a protracted and depressed limb (B), a fully retracted and abducted limb (C), and an anterior view of a fully retracted and disarticulated limb (D). Bones are in light gray and connective tissue is in white. Abbreviations: I-V, digit numbers; CF, caudofemoralis; EDL, extensor digitorum longus; fe, femur; fi, fibula; FTE, flexor tibialis externus; G, gastrocnemius; IF, iliofibularis; il, ilium; IT, iliotibialis; isch, ischium; P, peroneus; PIT, puboischiotibialis; pub, pubis; t, tibia; TA, tibialis anterior.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Kinematics and (B) EMGs versus time (as a percentage of stride cycle) for one stride from a single individual of C. calyptratus on inclines of -45° (left), 0° (middle), and 45° (right). The arrows indicate the end of stance, and footfall occurs at time 0%. The vertical bars indicate the voltage scales (250 µV), which are constant between all panels within a row.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The relative rectified amplitude (mean ± S.E.M.) for each muscle from individuals of C. calyptratus on inclines of -45° (left), 0° (middle), and 45° (right). Each stride was divided into 15 equal duration bins during stance and 10 equal duration bins during swing. Each bin was scaled to the largest value ever observed for a bin from a given muscle over all three inclines. Time zero is footfall and the arrow indicates the end of stance.