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First published online December 3, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 4605-4614 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01334

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Exposure to air, but not seawater, increases the glutamine content and the glutamine synthetase activity in the marsh clam Polymesoda expansa

Kum C. Hiong¹, Wendy Y. X. Peh¹, Ai M. Loong¹, Wai P. Wong¹, Shit F. Chew² and Yuen K. Ip^1,*

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
² Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Republic of Singapore

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Time course (17 days) of the effects of exposure to brackish water (10, control; white bars) or seawater (30; grey bars) on the rate (µmol day–1 g–1 clam) of ammonia excretion in Polymesoda expansa. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=5). *Significantly different from the corresponding brackish water value (P<0.05); asignificantly different from the day-3 value (P<0.05); bsignificantly different from the day-6 value (P<0.05); csignificantly different from the day-9 value (P<0.05); dsignificantly different from the day-12 value (P<0.05); esignificantly different from the day-15 value (P<0.05).

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effects of exposure to brackish water (10, control), seawater (30) or air (emersion) for 17 days on ammonia contents in the adductor muscle (white bars), foot muscle (grey bars), hepatopancreas (black bars), mantle (hatched bars) and plasma (dotted bars) of Polymesoda expansa. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=5). aSignificantly different from the brackish water value (P<0.05); bsignificantly different from the seawater value (P<0.05).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effects of exposure to brackish water (10, control), seawater (30) or air (emersion) for 17 days on the alanine contents in the adductor muscle (white bars), foot muscle (grey bars), hepatopancreas (black bars) and mantle (hatched bars) of Polymesoda expansa. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=4). aSignificantly different from the brackish water value (P<0.05); bsignificantly different from the seawater value (P<0.05).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effects of exposure to brackish water (10, control), seawater (30) or air (emersion) for 17 days on the glycine contents in the adductor muscle (white bars), foot muscle (grey bars), hepatopancreas (black bars) and mantle (hatched bars) of Polymesoda expansa. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=4). aSignificantly different from the brackish water value (P<0.05); bsignificantly different from the seawater value (P<0.05).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Effects of exposure to brackish water (10, control), seawater (30) or air (emersion) for 17 days on the glutamate contents in the adductor muscle (white bars), foot muscle (grey bars), hepatopancreas (black bars) and mantle (hatched bars) of Polymesoda expansa. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=4). aSignificantly different from the brackish water value (P<0.05); bsignificantly different from the seawater value (P<0.05).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Effects of exposure to brackish water (10, control), seawater (30) or air (emersion) for 17 days on the glutamine contents in the adductor muscle (white bars), foot muscle (grey bars), hepatopancreas (black bars) and mantle (hatched bars) of Polymesoda expansa. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=4). aSignificantly different from the brackish water value (P<0.05); bsignificantly different from the seawater value (P<0.05).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Effects of exposure to brackish water (10, control), seawater (30) or air (emersion) for 17 days on the total free amino acid (TFAA) contents in the adductor muscle (white bars), foot muscle (grey bars), hepatopancreas (black bars) and mantle (hatched bars) of Polymesoda expansa. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=4). aSignificantly different from the brackish water value (P<0.05); bsignificantly different from the seawater value (P<0.05).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Effects of exposure to brackish water (10, control), seawater (30) or air (emersion) for 17 days on the glutamine synthetase activity in the adductor muscle (white bars), foot muscle (grey bars), hepatopancreas (black bars) and mantle (hatched bars) of Polymesoda expansa. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=4). aSignificantly different from the brackish water value (P<0.05); bsignificantly different from the seawater value (P<0.05).