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First published online December 22, 2003
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 509-517 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00766

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Development of respiratory function in the American locust Schistocerca americana : II. Within-instar effects

Kendra J. Greenlee^* and Jon F. Harrison

Section of Organismal, Integrative, and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874601, Tempe, AZ 85287-4601, USA

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Body mass for early-stage (open bars) and late-stage (filled bars) grasshoppers by instar. Numbers above pairs of bars indicate percentage increase within each instar.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Whole-animal CO2 emission rate (CO2), (B) mass-specific CO2 and (C) abdominal pumping frequency for early-stage (filled symbols) and late-stage (open symbols) animals in normoxia by instar. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between stages.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Tidal volume, indexed by the percent change in abdominal height, in response to decreasing atmospheric oxygen partial pressure (PO), for (A) first instars and (B) adults at the early-stage (filled symbols) and late-stage (open symbols) of an instar. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between stages.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Mass-specific CO2 emission (CO2) as a function of atmospheric oxygen partial pressure (PO) for early-stage (filled symbols) and late-stage (open symbols) animals; (A) first instar, (B) third instar, (C) fifth instar and (D) adult.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Critical oxygen partial pressure (Pc) for mass-specific CO2 emission (CO2) for early-stage (open boxes) and late-stage (hatched boxes) animals in each instar. The boundary of each box marks the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile. The line within each box indicates the median. Error bars mark the 10th and 90th percentiles. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between early- and late-stage animals.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Abdominal pumping as a function of atmospheric oxygen partial pressure (PO) for early-stage (filled symbols) and late-stage (open symbols) animals; (A) first instar, (B) third instar, (C) fifth instar and (D) adult.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Critical oxygen partial pressure (PO) for abdominal pumping for early-stage (open boxes) and late-stage (hatched boxes) animals in an instar. Boxes and lines as in Fig. 5. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between stages within an instar.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Maximal tracheal system conductance (Gmax) versus instar for early-stage (filled symbols) and late-stage (open symbols) grasshoppers. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between early- and late-stage animals.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Scaling of absolute CO2 emission with wet body mass for each instar. The broken line represents the scaling relationship when all data points are regressed.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Index of gas exchange per breath µmol CO2 breath-1) as a function of atmospheric oxygen partial pressure (PO) for early-stage (filled symbols) and late-stage (open symbols) animals; (A) first instar, (B) third instar, (C) fifth instar and (D) adult.