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First published online January 12, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 697-708 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00811

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Dynamical analysis reveals individuality of locomotion in goldfish

H. Neumeister^1,*, C. J. Cellucci², P. E. Rapp³, H. Korn⁴ and D. S. Faber¹

¹ Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
² Department of Physics, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
³ Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
⁴ Institute Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, Cedex 15, France

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (A) Swimming trajectories. The graph shows a representative trajectory from a single fish recorded over a 5-min period with a sampling frequency of 30 Hz. (B) The corresponding instantaneous velocity as a function of time. The arrow indicates a period of inactivity that was confirmed by direct examination of the video recording.

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Variability between trajectories. (A) Three consecutive 5-min recordings obtained from Fish 2 during its first visit to the tank. (B) Three consecutive 5-min trajectories from Fish 5 recorded during its first visit to the tank. Differences between Fish 2 and Fish 5 are distinct. (C) Three consecutive 5-min recordings from Fish 5 during its fifth visit to the tank. Visual comparison of B and C suggests the presence of a high degree of intra-individual variability, which was confirmed quantitatively with the nonlinear measures.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Time-dependent adaptation. Values of the six measures averaged over all fish are displayed. Separate means are calculated for each trajectory of 5-min duration. The displayed values are normalized against the average value obtained during the first 5-min period. Asterisks identify statistically significant differences (P<0.015) compared with the first 5-min period.