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First published online March 22, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 1433-1438 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00887

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Transition in organ function during the evolution of air-breathing; insights from Arapaima gigas, an obligate air-breathing teleost from the Amazon

C. J. Brauner^1,*, V. Matey², J. M. Wilson³, N. J. Bernier⁴ and A. L. Val⁵

¹ Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4,
² Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA,
³ Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal,
⁴ Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
⁵ National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Ave André Araújo 2936, CEP 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil

View larger version (87K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the gills from three different sizes of the obligate air-breathing teleost Arapaima gigas: (A) 10 g, (B) 100 g and (C) 1 kg body mass. Scale bars, 500 µm.

View larger version (159K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of gills from a closely related water-breathing osteoglossid, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (300 g). Scale bar, 500 µm.

View larger version (96K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Light micrographs of the gills from three different sizes of the obligate air-breathing teleost Arapaima gigas: (A) 10 g, (B) 100 g and (C) 1 kg body mass. C is a micrograph of two neighbouring filaments; note the absence of lamellae and extensive proliferation of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells. Scale bars, 20 µm.

View larger version (82K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Immunohistochemistry of the gills of 1 kg Arapaima gigas. The red fluorescence indicates Na+/K+-ATPase immunoreactivity, while the green fluorescence indicates anion exchange 1 (AE1) immunoreactivity predominantly localized to red blood cells. Scale bar, 50 µm.