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First published online May 8, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 1768-1775 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.001719
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The scent of danger: arginine as an olfactory cue of reduced predation risk

Ryan P. Ferrer1 and Richard K. Zimmer1,2,*

1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
2 Neurosciences Program and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Structural formulae of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and arginine analogues, as tested in this study.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Percentage of larvae swimming in response to 10–7 mol l–1 tetrodotoxin (TTX) or tapwater (control). Inert silicon gel was applied either to the forehead (control) or to the external nares of larvae to block nasal cavities. Asterisk denotes a significant difference between larval responses to TTX and tapwater, using a Fisher exact test (P<0.001).

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Percentage of larvae swimming in response to 10–7 mol l–1 tetrodotoxin (TTX), a binary mixture of 10–7 mol l–1 TTX + 10–7 mol l–1 arginine, 10–7 mol l–1 arginine alone, or tapwater (control). Asterisk denotes a significant difference between larval responses to test and tapwater (control) solutions, using a Fisher exact test (P<0.001).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Effects of concentration on percentage of larvae swimming in response to arginine alone (open circles), or a binary mixture of arginine + 10–7 mol l–1 tetrodotoxin (TTX; closed circles). Tapwater (open triangle) and 10–7 mol l–1 TTX (alone, open square) served as controls. Results of statistical comparisons are provided in the text.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Percentage of larvae swimming in response to 10–7 mol l–1 tetrodotoxin (TTX; alone), or binary mixtures of 10–7 mol l–1 TTX + 10–7 mol l–1 arginine (or an arginine analog) and tapwater (control). Asterisks denote a significant difference between larval responses to test and tapwater (control) solutions, using a Fisher exact test (P<0.01). Lys, lysine; GA, guanidinacetate; AS, agmatine; HA, homoarginine; Guan, guanidine; GB, guanidinobutyrate; Arg, arginine.

 




© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007