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First published online October 5, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 3559-3567 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.005488

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Circadian timed episodic-like memory – a bee knows what to do when, and also where

Mario Pahl¹, Hong Zhu², Waltraud Pix², Juergen Tautz^1,* and Shaowu Zhang^2,*,

¹ BEEgroup, Biozentrum, Universitaet Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
² ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, PO Box 475, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The experimental set-up and visual patterns. Yellow patterns were used in the training and learning test in the morning at Maze B; blue patterns were used in the training and learning test in the afternoon at Maze A; black patterns were used in experiment 1, the transfer tests at Maze A and B. Various transfer tests were conducted at Maze C: (a) experiment 2: yellow training patterns in the morning and blue training patterns in the afternoon; (b) experiment 3: blue and yellow vertical patterns in the morning and blue and yellow horizontal patterns in the afternoon; (c) experiment 4: black horizontal and vertical patterns in the morning and in the afternoon. The rewarded patterns were denoted by (+) and the unrewarded patterns were denoted by (–). See text for further details.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Trained bees change their preference to visit Maze A or Maze B from morning to afternoon. (A) Percentage of total visits at Maze A and B in the learning tests with yellow gratings in the morning at maze B and blue gratings in the afternoon at maze A; (B) percentage of total visits at Maze A and Maze B in the transfer tests with black and white gratings. N, number of repetitions of tests; values are means ± s.e.m. See text for further details.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Results of the learning tests at mazes A and B. The tested bees significantly reversed their pattern preference from the yellow vertical grating in the morning to the blue horizontal grating in the afternoon. (B) Results of experiment 1, the transfer tests with black patterns at mazes A and B. The tested bees significantly reversed their pattern preference from the vertical grating in the morning to the horizontal grating in the afternoon. N, number of individual bees attending the test; values are means ± s.e.m. See text for further details.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Results of experiments 2–4, the transfer tests at maze C. (A) Experiment 2: yellow and blue training patterns. The bees significantly reversed their pattern preference from the yellow vertical grating in the morning to the blue horizontal grating in the afternoon at the neutral location. (B) Experiment 3: yellow and blue patterns in the same orientation. The bees significantly reversed their colour preference from yellow in the morning to blue in the afternoon at the neutral location. (C) Experiment 4: black patterns. The bees significantly reversed their pattern preference from the vertical grating in the morning to the horizontal grating in the afternoon. N, number of individual bees attending the test; values are means ± s.e.m. See text for further details.