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First published online November 2, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 3931-3939 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.009548
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Unique role of skeletal muscle contraction in vertical lymph movement in anurans

Robert C. Drewes1,*, Michael S. Hedrick2, Stanley S. Hillman3 and Philip C. Withers4

1 Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, 825 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA 94013, USA
2 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
3 Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
4 Zoology, School of Animal Biology MO92, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Stylized models representative of morphological differences in the skeletal muscle presented in this work. (A,B) Chaunus marinus; (C,D) Lithobates catesbeiana. A and C represent ventral views; B and D represent posterior views. Key: A, abdominal crenator; G, gracilis minor; T, tensor fascia latae; P, piriformis; S, sphincter ani cloacalis; CP, cutaneous pectoris; CD, cutaneous dorsi.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Representative traces of the synchrony between integrated EMG activity of the skeletal muscles indicated and their synchrony with pressure changes in the lymphatic sacs in (A) C. marinus and (B) L. catesbeiana.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Examples of correlation between EMG activity in M. piriformis and impedance change between the urostyle and cloaca in (A) C. marinus and (B) L. catesbeiana.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Pattern of pressure change in the pubic sac during a contractile event. Two examples of the types of pressure changes recorded from lymph sacs. The first event illustrates a `decrease only' pattern while the second event illustrates the more common `biphasic' increase/decrease pressure pattern. Pressure before (Ppre) and following (Ppost) the pressure event (shaded area; {Delta}P) are shown (see text).

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Frequencies of varying patterns of pressure change for the (A) interfemoral and (B) pubic lymph sacs of C. marinus. The majority of pressure events are `biphasic' [increase (+)/decrease (–)] compared with increase-only (+) or decrease-only (–). Values are means ± s.e.m.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Correlation between the mean event pressure ({Delta}P) and the net change (Ppre–Ppost) for the intermuscular, iliac, interfemoral and pubic lymph sacs of C. marinus.

 




© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007