spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

First published online January 18, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 317-326 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.013359
This Article
Right arrow Summary Freely available
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Briefer, E.
Right arrow Articles by Rybak, F.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Briefer, E.
Right arrow Articles by Rybak, F.

How to identify dear enemies: the group signature in the complex song of the skylark Alauda arvensis

Elodie Briefer*, Thierry Aubin, Katia Lehongre and Fanny Rybak

University Paris 11, NAMC, CNRS-UMR8620, Orsay, France


Figure 1
View larger version (12K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 1. Sound spectrogram of a part of a flight song of a male skylark. Each syllable is labelled with a number (same syllables have the same number). A phrase corresponds to a succession of at least three different syllables repeated by the same individual or shared by different individuals. Here, the phrase 1 is composed of syllables 3, 4, 5 and 6, and is repeated twice, consecutively.

 

Figure 2
View larger version (57K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 2. Syllable classification. (A) Sound spectrogram of four syllables produced by six different individuals (Ind; individuals are identified by a number corresponding to the location and a letter that differentiates them from their neighbours inside the location). (B) Examples of syllables (Syl) classified as `identical' or `different'. Sound spectrograms of 11 pairs of `identical' syllables produced by two different individuals. Double lines separate groups of syllables that have a similar shape but that were classified as `different'.

 

Figure 3
View larger version (5K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 3. Dendrogram of Euclidean distances between the repertoire similarity (RS) values calculated for skylark males holding territories in same or different locations (here three locations spaced out by at least 2 km). Subjects are identified by a number corresponding to their location and a letter that differentiates them from their neighbours inside the location.

 

Figure 4
View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 4. Spectrograms of song parts produced by three individuals from the same location (3g, 3h and 3i), all including the same phrase (asterisk). (FFT length, 512; frame, 100%; bandwidth, 122 Hz; resolution, 93 Hz, Hamming window.)

 

Figure 5
View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 5. Proportion of subjects (N=15) present 10–5 m from the loudspeaker (d2), at less than 5 m from the loudspeaker (d1) and over the loudspeaker (d0) during playbacks of N, C and S songs (P values refer to post-hoc Cochran Q test).

 

Figure 6
View larger version (8K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 6. Proportion of subjects (N=15) observed chasing other males present in the vicinity during playbacks of N, C and S songs (P values refer to post-hoc Cochran Q test).

 

Figure 7
View larger version (6K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 7. First principal component scores (means ± s.e.m., N=15) for playbacks of N, C and S songs.

 




© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008