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First published online February 15, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 699-708 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.009852
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Feeding kinematics, suction and hydraulic jetting capabilities in bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus)

Christopher D. Marshall1,*, Kit M. Kovacs2 and Christian Lydersen2

1 Texas A&M University at Galveston, Department of Marine Biology, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, TX 77551, USA
2 Norwegian Polar Institute, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Primary feeding platform. (A) Schematic from (top) the video camera's perspective and (bottom) above the platform. A mirror was placed at a 45° angle behind the PlexiglasTM feeding surface to allow for simultaneous frontal and lateral view of the muzzle during feeding trials. (B) Feeding platform in place in the pool. (C) Feeding platform with fish pieces in place. (D) Subject feeding from the platform (note the simultaneous lateral and frontal view).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Additional feeding platforms. (A) Frontal platform for gape and gape velocity verification. (B) Pressure recording platform.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Kinematic profiles of suction vs biting. (A) Frame from video during an in-water feeding (suction) trial with overlaid spatial model stick figure. (B) Plot of gape (cm) for a single suction feeding trial. (C) Plot of maximum gape angle velocity (deg. s–1) for a single suction feeding trial. (D) Plot of hyoid depression (cm) for a single suction feeding trial. (E) Frame from video during on-land feeding (biting) trial with overlaid spatial model stick figure. (F) Plot of gape (cm) for a single biting feeding trial. (G) Plot of maximum gape angle velocity (deg. s–1) for a single biting feeding trial. (H) Plot of hyoid depression (cm) for a single biting feeding trial.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Electrophysiological traces of pressure data. (A) A series of five suction events of varying magnitude. Red squares indicate prominent preparatory phases just prior to suction. (B) A series of two hydraulic jetting events (and one suction event).

 




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