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Figure 3


Fig. 3. Schematics showing measurement techniques for determining physiological cross-sectional area and theoretical maximum force production in the clavatus muscle (CM) and deep protractor muscle (DPM). (A) Fiber angle measurements did not apply to the DPM, as DPM fibers coursed parallel with the line of action (broken blue line). (B) Lower inset shows that the two heads of the CM separate once it is removed from the feeding apparatus. Upper inset demonstrates how pennation angles were measured. Fiber angles {theta} are identical near the muscle's midline (line of action) and begin to vary slightly as they course posteriorly, therefore fiber angles were measured near the muscle's midline. Muscle length L was used as a proxy for determining fiber length because mean fiber lengths in the DPM and CM were approximately equal to respective muscle lengths. Darkened areas on the feeding apparatuses indicate positions of the CM and DPM in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Individual CM and DPM (from insets) are not drawn to scale.





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