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Figure 9


Fig. 9. Physical models of dental plate and jaw kinematics in hagfish and gnathostomes, respectively. (A) Pulley system model for dental plate retraction (left) and protraction (right). (B) Third-order lever system model for jaw adduction (left) and jaw abduction (right) in a large cat (Panthera). Dotted red arrows demonstrate how a jaw can be geared for closing velocity or mechanical advantage by changing relative input lever arm lengths (output lever arm remains unchanged in this example). BP, basal plate; CMJ, craniomandibular joint; DP, dental plate; f, fulcrum; Fi, input force; Fo, output force; JAM, jaw adductor muscle; JDM, jaw depressor muscle; Li, length of input lever arm; Lo, length of output lever arm; PMG, protractor muscle group; RMG, retractor muscle group.





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