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Fig. 5. Visualization of the evolution of vortex-wake topology and the attachment
of the LEV for decreasing dimensionless wavelength 
*. The
wake dynamics evolves from a wavy von Kármán wake (WK) into an
aperiodic wake densely packed with large interacting vortices (A–G,
left: overview wake, right, zoomed in on LEV). The soap film flows from left
to right and all images have been taken mid-stroke during the downstroke. The
leading edge vortex is indicated by LEV, a vortex pair by P, a single vortex
by S, vortex tearing by t, and vortex merging by m. Note that the naming of
the wakes is simplified and should be taken as a guideline: we have neglected
a few tiny vortices that are shed at some advanced ratios for simplicity.
(Note: A, *=24; B, *=10; C,
*=7.9; D, *=6.8; E,
*=6.3; F, *=4.5; G,
*=4.0.)
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