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First published online March 28, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1169-1179 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.013235
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Heart rate regulation and extreme bradycardia in diving emperor penguins

Jessica U. Meir*, Torre K. Stockard, Cassondra L. Williams, Katherine V. Ponganis and Paul J. Ponganis

Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: jmeir{at}ucsd.edu)

Accepted 3 February 2008

To investigate the diving heart rate (fH) response of the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), the consummate avian diver, birds diving at an isolated dive hole in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica were outfitted with digital electrocardiogram recorders, two-axis accelerometers and time depth recorders (TDRs). In contrast to any other freely diving bird, a true bradycardia (fH significantly <fH at rest) occurred during diving [dive fH (total beats/duration)=57±2 beats min–1, fH at rest=73±2 beats min–1 (mean ± s.e.m.)]. For dives less than the aerobic dive limit (ADL; duration beyond which [blood lactate] increases above resting levels), dive fH=85±3 beats min–1, whereas fH in dives greater than the ADL was significantly lower (41±1 beats min–1). In dives greater than the ADL, fH reached extremely low values: fH during the last 5 mins of an 18 min dive was 6 beats min–1. Dive fH and minimum instantaneous fH during dives declined significantly with increasing dive duration. Dive fH was independent of swim stroke frequency. This suggests that progressive bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction (including isolation of muscle) are primary determinants of blood oxygen depletion in diving emperor penguins. Maximum instantaneous surface interval fH in this study is the highest ever recorded for emperor penguins (256 beats min–1), equivalent to fH at VO2 max., presumably facilitating oxygen loading and post-dive metabolism. The classic Scholander–Irving dive response in these emperor penguins contrasts with the absence of true bradycardia in diving ducks, cormorants, and other penguin species.

Key words: diving, electrocardiogram (ECG), emperor penguin, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, stroke frequency






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